# © Crown-owned copyright 2024, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory UK
from __future__ import annotations

import re
import secrets
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Network
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, ClassVar, Dict, List, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union

from prettytable import MARKDOWN, PrettyTable
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, validate_call

from primaite import getLogger
from primaite.exceptions import NetworkError
from primaite.interface.request import RequestResponse
from primaite.simulator import SIM_OUTPUT
from primaite.simulator.core import RequestFormat, RequestManager, RequestPermissionValidator, RequestType, SimComponent
from primaite.simulator.domain.account import Account
from primaite.simulator.file_system.file_system import FileSystem
from primaite.simulator.network.hardware.node_operating_state import NodeOperatingState
from primaite.simulator.network.nmne import NMNEConfig
from primaite.simulator.network.transmission.data_link_layer import Frame
from primaite.simulator.network.transmission.network_layer import IPProtocol
from primaite.simulator.network.transmission.transport_layer import Port
from primaite.simulator.system.applications.application import Application
from primaite.simulator.system.core.packet_capture import PacketCapture
from primaite.simulator.system.core.session_manager import SessionManager
from primaite.simulator.system.core.software_manager import SoftwareManager
from primaite.simulator.system.core.sys_log import SysLog
from primaite.simulator.system.processes.process import Process
from primaite.simulator.system.services.service import Service
from primaite.simulator.system.services.terminal.terminal import Terminal
from primaite.simulator.system.software import IOSoftware, Software
from primaite.utils.converters import convert_dict_enum_keys_to_enum_values
from primaite.utils.validators import IPV4Address

IOSoftwareClass = TypeVar("IOSoftwareClass", bound=IOSoftware)

_LOGGER = getLogger(__name__)


def generate_mac_address(oui: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    """
    Generate a random MAC Address.

    :param oui: The Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) portion of the MAC address. It should be a string with
        the first 3 bytes (24 bits) in the format "XX:XX:XX".
    :raises ValueError: If the 'oui' is not in the correct format (hexadecimal and 6 characters).
    """
    random_bytes = [secrets.randbits(8) for _ in range(6)]

    if oui:
        oui_pattern = re.compile(r"^([0-9A-Fa-f]{2}[:-]){2}[0-9A-Fa-f]{2}$")
        if not oui_pattern.match(oui):
            msg = f"Invalid oui. The oui should be in the format xx:xx:xx, where x is a hexadecimal digit, got '{oui}'"
            _LOGGER.error(msg)
            raise ValueError(msg)
        oui_bytes = [int(chunk, 16) for chunk in oui.split(":")]
        mac = oui_bytes + random_bytes[len(oui_bytes) :]
    else:
        mac = random_bytes

    return ":".join(f"{b:02x}" for b in mac)


class NetworkInterface(SimComponent, ABC):
    """
    A generic Network Interface in a Node on a Network.

    This is a base class for specific types of network interfaces, providing common attributes and methods required
    for network communication. It defines the fundamental properties that all network interfaces share, such as
    MAC address, speed, MTU (maximum transmission unit), and the ability to enable or disable the interface.

    :ivar str mac_address: The MAC address of the network interface. Default to a randomly generated MAC address.
    :ivar int speed: The speed of the interface in Mbps. Default is 100 Mbps.
    :ivar int mtu: The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the interface in Bytes. Default is 1500 B.
    """

    mac_address: str = Field(default_factory=generate_mac_address)
    "The MAC address of the interface."

    speed: float = 100.0
    "The speed of the interface in Mbps. Default is 100 Mbps."

    mtu: int = 1500
    "The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the interface in Bytes. Default is 1500 B"

    enabled: bool = False
    "Indicates whether the interface is enabled."

    _connected_node: Optional[Node] = None
    "The Node to which the interface is connected."

    port_num: Optional[int] = None
    "The port number assigned to this interface on the connected node."

    port_name: Optional[str] = None
    "The port name assigned to this interface on the connected node."

    pcap: Optional[PacketCapture] = None
    "A PacketCapture instance for capturing and analysing packets passing through this interface."

    nmne_config: ClassVar[NMNEConfig] = NMNEConfig()
    "A dataclass defining malicious network events to be captured."

    nmne: Dict = Field(default_factory=lambda: {})
    "A dict containing details of the number of malicious events captured."

    traffic: Dict = Field(default_factory=lambda: {})
    "A dict containing details of the inbound and outbound traffic by port and protocol."

    def setup_for_episode(self, episode: int):
        """Reset the original state of the SimComponent."""
        super().setup_for_episode(episode=episode)
        self.nmne = {}
        self.traffic = {}
        if episode and self.pcap and SIM_OUTPUT.save_pcap_logs:
            self.pcap.current_episode = episode
            self.pcap.setup_logger()
        self.enable()

    def _init_request_manager(self) -> RequestManager:
        """
        Initialise the request manager.

        More information in user guide and docstring for SimComponent._init_request_manager.
        """
        _is_network_interface_enabled = NetworkInterface._EnabledValidator(network_interface=self)
        _is_network_interface_disabled = NetworkInterface._DisabledValidator(network_interface=self)

        rm = super()._init_request_manager()

        rm.add_request(
            "enable",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.enable()),
                validator=_is_network_interface_disabled,
            ),
        )
        rm.add_request(
            "disable",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.disable()),
                validator=_is_network_interface_enabled,
            ),
        )

        return rm

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Produce a dictionary describing the current state of this object.

        :return: Current state of this object and child objects.
        """
        state = super().describe_state()
        state.update(
            {
                "mac_address": self.mac_address,
                "speed": self.speed,
                "mtu": self.mtu,
                "enabled": self.enabled,
            }
        )
        if self.nmne_config and self.nmne_config.capture_nmne:
            state.update({"nmne": self.nmne})
        state.update({"traffic": convert_dict_enum_keys_to_enum_values(self.traffic)})
        return state

    @abstractmethod
    def enable(self) -> bool:
        """Enable the interface."""
        pass
        return False

    @abstractmethod
    def disable(self) -> bool:
        """Disable the interface."""
        pass
        return False

    def _capture_nmne(self, frame: Frame, inbound: bool = True) -> None:
        """
        Processes and captures network frame data based on predefined global NMNE settings.

        This method updates the NMNE structure with counts of malicious network events based on the frame content and
        direction. The structure is dynamically adjusted according to the enabled capture settings.

        .. note::
            While there is a lot of logic in this code that defines a multi-level hierarchical NMNE structure,
            most of it is unused for now as a result of all `CAPTURE_BY_<>` variables in
            ``primaite.simulator.network.nmne`` being hardcoded and set as final. Once they're 'released' and made
            configurable, this function will be updated to properly explain the dynamic data structure.

        :param frame: The network frame to process, containing IP, TCP/UDP, and payload information.
        :param inbound: Boolean indicating if the frame direction is inbound. Defaults to True.
        """
        # Exit function if NMNE capturing is disabled
        if not (self.nmne_config and self.nmne_config.capture_nmne):
            return

        # Initialise basic frame data variables
        direction = "inbound" if inbound else "outbound"  # Direction of the traffic
        ip_address = str(frame.ip.src_ip_address if inbound else frame.ip.dst_ip_address)  # Source or destination IP
        protocol = frame.ip.protocol.name  # Network protocol used in the frame

        # Initialise port variable; will be determined based on protocol type
        port = None

        # Determine the source or destination port based on the protocol (TCP/UDP)
        if frame.tcp:
            port = frame.tcp.src_port.value if inbound else frame.tcp.dst_port.value
        elif frame.udp:
            port = frame.udp.src_port.value if inbound else frame.udp.dst_port.value

        # Convert frame payload to string for keyword checking
        frame_str = str(frame.payload)

        # Proceed only if any NMNE keyword is present in the frame payload
        if any(keyword in frame_str for keyword in self.nmne_config.nmne_capture_keywords):
            # Start with the root of the NMNE capture structure
            current_level = self.nmne

            # Update NMNE structure based on enabled settings
            if self.nmne_config.capture_by_direction:
                # Set or get the dictionary for the current direction
                current_level = current_level.setdefault("direction", {})
                current_level = current_level.setdefault(direction, {})

            if self.nmne_config.capture_by_ip_address:
                # Set or get the dictionary for the current IP address
                current_level = current_level.setdefault("ip_address", {})
                current_level = current_level.setdefault(ip_address, {})

            if self.nmne_config.capture_by_protocol:
                # Set or get the dictionary for the current protocol
                current_level = current_level.setdefault("protocol", {})
                current_level = current_level.setdefault(protocol, {})

            if self.nmne_config.capture_by_port:
                # Set or get the dictionary for the current port
                current_level = current_level.setdefault("port", {})
                current_level = current_level.setdefault(port, {})

            # Ensure 'KEYWORD' level is present in the structure
            keyword_level = current_level.setdefault("keywords", {})

            # Increment the count for detected keywords in the payload
            if self.nmne_config.capture_by_keyword:
                for keyword in self.nmne_config.nmne_capture_keywords:
                    if keyword in frame_str:
                        # Update the count for each keyword found
                        keyword_level[keyword] = keyword_level.get(keyword, 0) + 1
            else:
                # Increment a generic counter if keyword capturing is not enabled
                keyword_level["*"] = keyword_level.get("*", 0) + 1

    def _capture_traffic(self, frame: Frame, inbound: bool = True):
        """
        Capture traffic statistics at the Network Interface.

        :param frame: The network frame containing the traffic data.
        :type frame: Frame
        :param inbound: Flag indicating if the traffic is inbound or outbound. Defaults to True.
        :type inbound: bool
        """
        # Determine the direction of the traffic
        direction = "inbound" if inbound else "outbound"

        # Initialize protocol and port variables
        protocol = None
        port = None

        # Identify the protocol and port from the frame
        if frame.tcp:
            protocol = IPProtocol.TCP
            port = frame.tcp.dst_port
        elif frame.udp:
            protocol = IPProtocol.UDP
            port = frame.udp.dst_port
        elif frame.icmp:
            protocol = IPProtocol.ICMP

        # Ensure the protocol is in the capture dict
        if protocol not in self.traffic:
            self.traffic[protocol] = {}

        # Handle non-ICMP protocols that use ports
        if protocol != IPProtocol.ICMP:
            if port not in self.traffic[protocol]:
                self.traffic[protocol][port] = {"inbound": 0, "outbound": 0}
            self.traffic[protocol][port][direction] += frame.size_Mbits
        else:
            # Handle ICMP protocol separately (ICMP does not use ports)
            if not self.traffic[protocol]:
                self.traffic[protocol] = {"inbound": 0, "outbound": 0}
            self.traffic[protocol][direction] += frame.size_Mbits

    @abstractmethod
    def send_frame(self, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Attempts to send a network frame through the interface.

        :param frame: The network frame to be sent.
        :return: A boolean indicating whether the frame was successfully sent.
        """
        self._capture_nmne(frame, inbound=False)
        self._capture_traffic(frame, inbound=False)

    @abstractmethod
    def receive_frame(self, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Receives a network frame on the interface.

        :param frame: The network frame being received.
        :return: A boolean indicating whether the frame was successfully received.
        """
        self._capture_nmne(frame, inbound=True)
        self._capture_traffic(frame, inbound=True)

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """
        String representation of the NIC.

        :return: A string combining the port number and the mac address
        """
        return f"Port {self.port_name if self.port_name else self.port_num}: {self.mac_address}"

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        return hash(self.uuid)

    def apply_timestep(self, timestep: int) -> None:
        """
        Apply a timestep evolution to this component.

        This just clears the nmne count back to 0.
        """
        super().apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

    def pre_timestep(self, timestep: int) -> None:
        """Apply pre-timestep logic."""
        super().pre_timestep(timestep)
        self.traffic = {}

    class _EnabledValidator(RequestPermissionValidator):
        """
        When requests come in, this validator will only let them through if the NetworkInterface is enabled.

        This is useful because most actions should be being resolved if the NetworkInterface is disabled.
        """

        network_interface: NetworkInterface
        """Save a reference to the node instance."""

        def __call__(self, request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> bool:
            """Return whether the NetworkInterface is enabled or not."""
            return self.network_interface.enabled

        @property
        def fail_message(self) -> str:
            """Message that is reported when a request is rejected by this validator."""
            return (
                f"Cannot perform request on NetworkInterface "
                f"'{self.network_interface.mac_address}' because it is not enabled."
            )

    class _DisabledValidator(RequestPermissionValidator):
        """
        When requests come in, this validator will only let them through if the NetworkInterface is disabled.

        This is useful because some actions should be being resolved if the NetworkInterface is disabled.
        """

        network_interface: NetworkInterface
        """Save a reference to the node instance."""

        def __call__(self, request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> bool:
            """Return whether the NetworkInterface is disabled or not."""
            return not self.network_interface.enabled

        @property
        def fail_message(self) -> str:
            """Message that is reported when a request is rejected by this validator."""
            return (
                f"Cannot perform request on NetworkInterface "
                f"'{self.network_interface.mac_address}' because it is not disabled."
            )


class WiredNetworkInterface(NetworkInterface, ABC):
    """
    Represents a wired network interface in a network device.

    This abstract base class serves as a foundational blueprint for wired network interfaces, offering core
    functionalities and enforcing the implementation of key operational methods such as enabling and disabling the
    interface. It encapsulates common attributes and behaviors intrinsic to wired interfaces, including the
    management of physical or logical connections to network links and the provision of methods for connecting to and
    disconnecting from these links.

    Inherits from:
    - NetworkInterface: Provides basic network interface properties and methods.


    Subclasses of this class are expected to provide concrete implementations for the abstract methods defined here,
    tailoring the functionality to the specific requirements of the wired interface types they represent.
    """

    _connected_link: Optional[Link] = None
    "The network link to which the network interface is connected."

    def enable(self) -> bool:
        """Attempt to enable the network interface."""
        if self.enabled:
            return True

        if not self._connected_node:
            _LOGGER.warning(f"Interface {self} cannot be enabled as it is not connected to a Node")
            return False

        if self._connected_node.operating_state != NodeOperatingState.ON:
            self._connected_node.sys_log.warning(
                f"Interface {self} cannot be enabled as the connected Node is not powered on"
            )
            return False

        if not self._connected_link:
            self._connected_node.sys_log.warning(f"Interface {self} cannot be enabled as there is no Link connected.")
            return False

        self.enabled = True
        self._connected_node.sys_log.info(f"Network Interface {self} enabled")
        self.pcap = PacketCapture(
            hostname=self._connected_node.hostname, port_num=self.port_num, port_name=self.port_name
        )
        if self._connected_link:
            self._connected_link.endpoint_up()
        return True

    def disable(self) -> bool:
        """Disable the network interface."""
        if not self.enabled:
            return True
        self.enabled = False
        if self._connected_node:
            self._connected_node.sys_log.info(f"Network Interface {self} disabled")
        else:
            _LOGGER.debug(f"Interface {self} disabled")
        if self._connected_link:
            self._connected_link.endpoint_down()
        return True

    def connect_link(self, link: Link):
        """
        Connect this network interface to a specified link.

        This method establishes a connection between the network interface and a network link if the network interface
        is not already connected. If the network interface is already connected to a link, it logs an error and does
        not change the existing connection.

        :param link: The Link instance to connect to this network interface.
        """
        if self._connected_link:
            _LOGGER.warning(f"Cannot connect Link to network interface {self} as it already has a connection")
            return

        if self._connected_link == link:
            _LOGGER.warning(f"Cannot connect Link to network interface {self} as it is already connected")
            return

        self._connected_link = link
        self.enable()

    def disconnect_link(self):
        """
        Disconnect the network interface from its connected Link, if any.

        This method removes the association between the network interface and its connected Link. It updates the
        connected Link's endpoints to reflect the disconnection.
        """
        if self._connected_link.endpoint_a == self:
            self._connected_link.endpoint_a = None
        if self._connected_link.endpoint_b == self:
            self._connected_link.endpoint_b = None
        self._connected_link = None

    def send_frame(self, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Attempt to send a network frame through the connected Link.

        This method sends a frame if the NIC is enabled and connected to a link. It captures the frame using PCAP
        (if available) and transmits it through the connected link. Returns True if the frame is successfully sent,
        False otherwise (e.g., if the Network Interface is disabled).

        :param frame: The network frame to be sent.
        :return: True if the frame is sent, False if the Network Interface is disabled or not connected to a link.
        """
        if not self.enabled:
            return False
        if not self._connected_link.can_transmit_frame(frame):
            # Drop frame for now. Queuing will happen here (probably) if it's done in the future.
            self._connected_node.sys_log.info(f"{self}: Frame dropped as Link is at capacity")
            return False
        super().send_frame(frame)
        frame.set_sent_timestamp()
        self.pcap.capture_outbound(frame)
        self._connected_link.transmit_frame(sender_nic=self, frame=frame)
        return True

    @abstractmethod
    def receive_frame(self, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Receives a network frame on the network interface.

        :param frame: The network frame being received.
        :return: A boolean indicating whether the frame was successfully received.
        """
        return super().receive_frame(frame)


class Layer3Interface(BaseModel, ABC):
    """
    Represents a Layer 3 (Network Layer) interface in a network device.

    This class serves as a base for network interfaces that operate at Layer 3 of the OSI model, providing IP
    connectivity and subnetting capabilities. It's not meant to be instantiated directly but to be subclassed by
    specific types of network interfaces that require IP addressing capabilities.

    :ivar IPV4Address ip_address: The IP address assigned to the interface. This address enables the interface to
        participate in IP-based networking, allowing it to send and receive IP packets.
    :ivar IPv4Address subnet_mask: The subnet mask assigned to the interface. This mask helps in determining the
        network segment that the interface belongs to and is used in IP routing decisions.
    """

    ip_address: IPV4Address
    "The IP address assigned to the interface for communication on an IP-based network."

    subnet_mask: IPV4Address
    "The subnet mask assigned to the interface, defining the network portion and the host portion of the IP address."

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Produce a dictionary describing the current state of this object.

        :return: Current state of this object and child objects.
        """
        state = {
            "ip_address": str(self.ip_address),
            "subnet_mask": str(self.subnet_mask),
        }

        return state

    @property
    def ip_network(self) -> IPv4Network:
        """
        Calculate and return the IPv4Network derived from the NIC's IP address and subnet mask.

        This property constructs an IPv4Network object which represents the whole network that the NIC's IP address
        belongs to, based on its subnet mask. It's useful for determining the network range and broadcast address.

        :return: An IPv4Network instance representing the network of this NIC.
        """
        return IPv4Network(f"{self.ip_address}/{self.subnet_mask}", strict=False)


class IPWiredNetworkInterface(WiredNetworkInterface, Layer3Interface, ABC):
    """
    Represents an IP wired network interface.

    This interface operates at both the data link layer (Layer 2) and the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model,
    specifically tailored for IP-based communication. This abstract class serves as a template for creating specific
    wired network interfaces that support Internet Protocol (IP) functionalities.

    As this class is an amalgamation of its parent classes without additional attributes or methods, it is recommended
    to refer to the documentation of `WiredNetworkInterface` and `Layer3Interface` for detailed information on the
    supported operations and functionalities.

    The class inherits from:
    - `WiredNetworkInterface`: Provides the functionalities and characteristics of a wired connection, such as
        physical link establishment and data transmission over a cable.
    - `Layer3Interface`: Enables network layer capabilities, including IP address assignment, routing, and
        potentially, Layer 3 protocols like IPsec.

    As an abstract class, `IPWiredNetworkInterface` does not implement specific methods but mandates that any derived
    class provides implementations for the functionalities of both `WiredNetworkInterface` and `Layer3Interface`.
    This structure is ideal for representing network interfaces in devices that require wired connections and are
    capable of IP routing and addressing, such as routers, switches, as well as end-host devices like computers and
    servers.

    Derived classes should define specific behaviors and properties of an IP-capable wired network interface,
    customizing it for their specific use cases.
    """

    _connected_link: Optional[Link] = None
    "The network link to which the network interface is connected."

    def model_post_init(self, __context: Any) -> None:
        """
        Performs post-initialisation checks to ensure the model's IP configuration is valid.

        This method is invoked after the initialisation of a network model object to validate its network settings,
        particularly to ensure that the assigned IP address is not a network address. This validation is crucial for
        maintaining the integrity of network simulations and avoiding configuration errors that could lead to
        unrealistic or incorrect behavior.

        :param __context: Contextual information or parameters passed to the method, used for further initializing or
            validating the model post-creation.
        :raises ValueError: If the IP address is the same as the network address, indicating an incorrect configuration.
        """
        if self.ip_network.network_address == self.ip_address:
            raise ValueError(f"{self.ip_address}/{self.subnet_mask} must not be a network address")

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Produce a dictionary describing the current state of this object.

        :return: Current state of this object and child objects.
        :rtype: Dict
        """
        # Get the state from the WiredNetworkInterface
        state = WiredNetworkInterface.describe_state(self)

        # Update the state with information from Layer3Interface
        state.update(Layer3Interface.describe_state(self))

        return state

    def enable(self) -> bool:
        """
        Enables this wired network interface and attempts to send a "hello" message to the default gateway.

        This method activates the network interface, making it operational for network communications. After enabling,
        it tries to initiate a default gateway "hello" process, typically to establish initial connectivity and resolve
        the default gateway's MAC address. This step is crucial for ensuring the interface can successfully send data
        to and receive data from the network.

        The method safely handles cases where the connected node might not have a default gateway set or the
        `default_gateway_hello` method is not defined, ignoring such errors to proceed without interruption.
        """
        super().enable()
        try:
            self._connected_node.default_gateway_hello()
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        return True

    @abstractmethod
    def receive_frame(self, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Receives a network frame on the network interface.

        :param frame: The network frame being received.
        :return: A boolean indicating whether the frame was successfully received.
        """
        return super().receive_frame(frame)


class Link(SimComponent):
    """
    Represents a network link between NIC<-->NIC, NIC<-->SwitchPort, or SwitchPort<-->SwitchPort.

    :param endpoint_a: The first NIC or SwitchPort connected to the Link.
    :param endpoint_b: The second NIC or SwitchPort connected to the Link.
    :param bandwidth: The bandwidth of the Link in Mbps.
    """

    endpoint_a: WiredNetworkInterface
    "The first WiredNetworkInterface connected to the Link."
    endpoint_b: WiredNetworkInterface
    "The second WiredNetworkInterface connected to the Link."
    bandwidth: float
    "The bandwidth of the Link in Mbps."
    current_load: float = 0.0
    "The current load on the link in Mbps."

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Ensure that endpoint_a and endpoint_b are not the same NIC.

        Connect the link to the NICs after creation.

        :raises ValueError: If endpoint_a and endpoint_b are the same NIC.
        """
        if kwargs["endpoint_a"] == kwargs["endpoint_b"]:
            msg = "endpoint_a and endpoint_b cannot be the same NIC or SwitchPort"
            _LOGGER.error(msg)
            raise ValueError(msg)
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.endpoint_a.connect_link(self)
        self.endpoint_b.connect_link(self)
        self.endpoint_up()

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Produce a dictionary describing the current state of this object.

        Please see :py:meth:`primaite.simulator.core.SimComponent.describe_state` for a more detailed explanation.

        :return: Current state of this object and child objects.
        :rtype: Dict
        """
        state = super().describe_state()
        state.update(
            {
                "endpoint_a": self.endpoint_a.uuid,  # TODO: consider if using UUID is the best way to do this
                "endpoint_b": self.endpoint_b.uuid,  # TODO: consider if using UUID is the best way to do this
                "bandwidth": self.bandwidth,
                "current_load": self.current_load,
            }
        )
        return state

    @property
    def current_load_percent(self) -> str:
        """Get the current load formatted as a percentage string."""
        return f"{self.current_load / self.bandwidth:.5f}%"

    def endpoint_up(self):
        """Let the Link know and endpoint has been brought up."""
        if self.is_up:
            _LOGGER.debug(f"Link {self} up")

    def endpoint_down(self):
        """Let the Link know and endpoint has been brought down."""
        if not self.is_up:
            self.current_load = 0.0
            _LOGGER.debug(f"Link {self} down")

    @property
    def is_up(self) -> bool:
        """
        Informs whether the link is up.

        This is based upon both NIC endpoints being enabled.
        """
        return self.endpoint_a.enabled and self.endpoint_b.enabled

    def can_transmit_frame(self, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Determines whether a frame can be transmitted considering the current Link load and the Link's bandwidth.

        This method assesses if the transmission of a given frame is possible without exceeding the Link's total
        bandwidth capacity. It checks if the current load of the Link plus the size of the frame (expressed in Mbps)
        would remain within the defined bandwidth limits. The transmission is only feasible if the Link is active
        ('up') and the total load including the new frame does not surpass the bandwidth limit.

        :param frame: The frame intended for transmission, which contains its size in Mbps.
        :return: True if the frame can be transmitted without exceeding the bandwidth limit, False otherwise.
        """
        if self.is_up:
            frame_size_Mbits = frame.size_Mbits  # noqa - Leaving it as Mbits as this is how they're expressed
            return self.current_load + frame.size_Mbits <= self.bandwidth
        return False

    def transmit_frame(self, sender_nic: WiredNetworkInterface, frame: Frame) -> bool:
        """
        Send a network frame from one NIC or SwitchPort to another connected NIC or SwitchPort.

        :param sender_nic: The NIC or SwitchPort sending the frame.
        :param frame: The network frame to be sent.
        :return: True if the Frame can be sent, otherwise False.
        """
        receiver = self.endpoint_a
        if receiver == sender_nic:
            receiver = self.endpoint_b
        frame_size = frame.size_Mbits

        if receiver.receive_frame(frame):
            # Frame transmitted successfully
            # Load the frame size on the link
            self.current_load += frame_size
            _LOGGER.debug(
                f"Added {frame_size:.3f} Mbits to {self}, current load {self.current_load:.3f} Mbits "
                f"({self.current_load_percent})"
            )
            return True
        return False

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.endpoint_a}<-->{self.endpoint_b}"

    def apply_timestep(self, timestep: int) -> None:
        """Apply a timestep to the simulation."""
        super().apply_timestep(timestep)

    def pre_timestep(self, timestep: int) -> None:
        """Apply pre-timestep logic."""
        super().pre_timestep(timestep)
        self.current_load = 0.0


class User(SimComponent):
    """
    Represents a user in the PrimAITE system.

    :ivar username: The username of the user
    :ivar password: The password of the user
    :ivar disabled: Boolean flag indicating whether the user is disabled
    :ivar is_admin: Boolean flag indicating whether the user has admin privileges
    """

    username: str
    """The username of the user"""

    password: str
    """The password of the user"""

    disabled: bool = False
    """Boolean flag indicating whether the user is disabled"""

    is_admin: bool = False
    """Boolean flag indicating whether the user has admin privileges"""

    num_of_logins: int = 0
    """Counts the number of the User has logged in"""

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Returns a dictionary representing the current state of the user.

        :return: A dict containing the state of the user
        """
        return self.model_dump()


class UserManager(Service):
    """
    Manages users within the PrimAITE system, handling creation, authentication, and administration.

    :param users: A dictionary of all users by their usernames
    :param admins: A dictionary of admin users by their usernames
    :param disabled_admins: A dictionary of currently disabled admin users by their usernames
    """

    users: Dict[str, User] = {}

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Initializes a UserManager instanc.

        :param username: The username for the default admin user
        :param password: The password for the default admin user
        """
        kwargs["name"] = "UserManager"
        kwargs["port"] = Port.NONE
        kwargs["protocol"] = IPProtocol.NONE
        super().__init__(**kwargs)

        self.start()

    def _init_request_manager(self) -> RequestManager:
        """
        Initialise the request manager.

        More information in user guide and docstring for SimComponent._init_request_manager.
        """
        rm = super()._init_request_manager()

        # todo add doc about requeest schemas
        rm.add_request(
            "change_password",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(
                    self.change_user_password(username=request[0], current_password=request[1], new_password=request[2])
                )
            ),
        )
        return rm

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Returns the state of the UserManager along with the number of users and admins.

        :return: A dict containing detailed state information
        """
        state = super().describe_state()
        state.update({"total_users": len(self.users), "total_admins": len(self.admins) + len(self.disabled_admins)})
        state["users"] = {k: v.describe_state() for k, v in self.users.items()}
        return state

    def show(self, markdown: bool = False):
        """
        Display the Users.

        :param markdown: Whether to display the table in Markdown format or not. Default is `False`.
        """
        table = PrettyTable(["Username", "Admin", "Disabled"])
        if markdown:
            table.set_style(MARKDOWN)
        table.align = "l"
        table.title = f"{self.sys_log.hostname} User Manager"
        for user in self.users.values():
            table.add_row([user.username, user.is_admin, user.disabled])
        print(table.get_string(sortby="Username"))

    @property
    def non_admins(self) -> Dict[str, User]:
        """
        Returns a dictionary of all enabled non-admin users.

        :return: A dictionary with usernames as keys and User objects as values for non-admin, non-disabled users.
        """
        return {k: v for k, v in self.users.items() if not v.is_admin and not v.disabled}

    @property
    def disabled_non_admins(self) -> Dict[str, User]:
        """
        Returns a dictionary of all disabled non-admin users.

        :return: A dictionary with usernames as keys and User objects as values for non-admin, disabled users.
        """
        return {k: v for k, v in self.users.items() if not v.is_admin and v.disabled}

    @property
    def admins(self) -> Dict[str, User]:
        """
        Returns a dictionary of all enabled admin users.

        :return: A dictionary with usernames as keys and User objects as values for admin, non-disabled users.
        """
        return {k: v for k, v in self.users.items() if v.is_admin and not v.disabled}

    @property
    def disabled_admins(self) -> Dict[str, User]:
        """
        Returns a dictionary of all disabled admin users.

        :return: A dictionary with usernames as keys and User objects as values for admin, disabled users.
        """
        return {k: v for k, v in self.users.items() if v.is_admin and v.disabled}

    def install(self) -> None:
        """Setup default user during first-time installation."""
        self.add_user(username="admin", password="admin", is_admin=True, bypass_can_perform_action=True)

    def _is_last_admin(self, username: str) -> bool:
        return username in self.admins and len(self.admins) == 1

    def add_user(
        self, username: str, password: str, is_admin: bool = False, bypass_can_perform_action: bool = False
    ) -> bool:
        """
        Adds a new user to the system.

        :param username: The username for the new user
        :param password: The password for the new user
        :param is_admin: Flag indicating if the new user is an admin
        :return: True if user was successfully added, False otherwise
        """
        if not bypass_can_perform_action and not self._can_perform_action():
            return False
        if username in self.users:
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Failed to create new user {username} as this user name already exists")
            return False
        user = User(username=username, password=password, is_admin=is_admin)
        self.users[username] = user
        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Added new {'admin' if is_admin else 'user'}: {username}")
        return True

    def authenticate_user(self, username: str, password: str) -> Optional[User]:
        """
        Authenticates a user's login attempt.

        :param username: The username of the user trying to log in
        :param password: The password provided by the user
        :return: The User object if authentication is successful, None otherwise
        """
        if not self._can_perform_action():
            return None
        user = self.users.get(username)
        if user and not user.disabled and user.password == password:
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: User authenticated: {username}")
            return user
        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Authentication failed for: {username}")
        return None

    def change_user_password(self, username: str, current_password: str, new_password: str) -> bool:
        """
        Changes a user's password.

        :param username: The username of the user changing their password
        :param current_password: The current password of the user
        :param new_password: The new password for the user
        :return: True if the password was changed successfully, False otherwise
        """
        if not self._can_perform_action():
            return False
        user = self.users.get(username)
        if user and user.password == current_password:
            user.password = new_password
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Password changed for {username}")
            self._user_session_manager._logout_user(user=user)
            return True
        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Password change failed for {username}")
        return False

    def disable_user(self, username: str) -> bool:
        """
        Disables a user account, preventing them from logging in.

        :param username: The username of the user to disable
        :return: True if the user was disabled successfully, False otherwise
        """
        if not self._can_perform_action():
            return False
        if username in self.users and not self.users[username].disabled:
            if self._is_last_admin(username):
                self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Cannot disable User {username} as they are the only enabled admin")
                return False
            self.users[username].disabled = True
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: User disabled: {username}")
            return True
        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Failed to disable user: {username}")
        return False

    def enable_user(self, username: str) -> bool:
        """
        Enables a previously disabled user account.

        :param username: The username of the user to enable
        :return: True if the user was enabled successfully, False otherwise
        """
        if username in self.users and self.users[username].disabled:
            self.users[username].disabled = False
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: User enabled: {username}")
            return True
        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Failed to enable user: {username}")
        return False

    @property
    def _user_session_manager(self) -> "UserSessionManager":
        return self.software_manager.software["UserSessionManager"]  # noqa


class UserSession(SimComponent):
    """
    Represents a user session on the Node.

    This class manages the state of a user session, including the user, session start, last active step,
    and end step. It also indicates whether the session is local.

    :ivar user: The user associated with this session.
    :ivar start_step: The timestep when the session was started.
    :ivar last_active_step: The last timestep when the session was active.
    :ivar end_step: The timestep when the session ended, if applicable.
    :ivar local: Indicates if the session is local. Defaults to True.
    """

    user: User
    """The user associated with this session."""

    start_step: int
    """The timestep when the session was started."""

    last_active_step: int
    """The last timestep when the session was active."""

    end_step: Optional[int] = None
    """The timestep when the session ended, if applicable."""

    local: bool = True
    """Indicates if the session is a local session or a remote session. Defaults to True as a local session."""

    @classmethod
    def create(cls, user: User, timestep: int) -> UserSession:
        """
        Creates a new instance of UserSession.

        This class method initialises a user session with the given user and timestep.

        :param user: The user associated with this session.
        :param timestep: The timestep when the session is created.
        :return: An instance of UserSession.
        """
        user.num_of_logins += 1
        return UserSession(user=user, start_step=timestep, last_active_step=timestep)

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Describes the current state of the user session.

        :return: A dictionary representing the state of the user session.
        """
        return self.model_dump()


class RemoteUserSession(UserSession):
    """
    Represents a remote user session on the Node.

    This class extends the UserSession class to include additional attributes and methods specific to remote sessions.

    :ivar remote_ip_address: The IP address of the remote user.
    :ivar local: Indicates that this is not a local session. Always set to False.
    """

    remote_ip_address: IPV4Address
    """The IP address of the remote user."""

    local: bool = False
    """Indicates that this is not a local session. Always set to False."""

    @classmethod
    def create(cls, user: User, timestep: int, remote_ip_address: IPV4Address) -> RemoteUserSession:  # noqa
        """
        Creates a new instance of RemoteUserSession.

        This class method initialises a remote user session with the given user, timestep, and remote IP address.

        :param user: The user associated with this session.
        :param timestep: The timestep when the session is created.
        :param remote_ip_address: The IP address of the remote user.
        :return: An instance of RemoteUserSession.
        """
        return RemoteUserSession(
            user=user, start_step=timestep, last_active_step=timestep, remote_ip_address=remote_ip_address
        )

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Describes the current state of the remote user session.

        This method extends the base describe_state method to include the remote IP address.

        :return: A dictionary representing the state of the remote user session.
        """
        state = super().describe_state()
        state["remote_ip_address"] = str(self.remote_ip_address)
        return state


class UserSessionManager(Service):
    """
    Manages user sessions on a Node, including local and remote sessions.

    This class handles authentication, session management, and session timeouts for users interacting with the Node.
    """

    local_session: Optional[UserSession] = None
    """The current local user session, if any."""

    remote_sessions: Dict[str, RemoteUserSession] = {}
    """A dictionary of active remote user sessions."""

    historic_sessions: List[UserSession] = Field(default_factory=list)
    """A list of historic user sessions."""

    local_session_timeout_steps: int = 30
    """The number of steps before a local session times out due to inactivity."""

    remote_session_timeout_steps: int = 30
    """The number of steps before a remote session times out due to inactivity."""

    max_remote_sessions: int = 3
    """The maximum number of concurrent remote sessions allowed."""

    current_timestep: int = 0
    """The current timestep in the simulation."""

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Initializes a UserSessionManager instance.

        :param username: The username for the default admin user
        :param password: The password for the default admin user
        """
        kwargs["name"] = "UserSessionManager"
        kwargs["port"] = Port.NONE
        kwargs["protocol"] = IPProtocol.NONE
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.start()

    def _init_request_manager(self) -> RequestManager:
        """
        Initialise the request manager.

        More information in user guide and docstring for SimComponent._init_request_manager.
        """
        rm = super()._init_request_manager()

        def _remote_login(request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> RequestResponse:
            """Request should take the form [username, password, remote_ip_address]."""
            username, password, remote_ip_address = request
            response = RequestResponse.from_bool(self.remote_login(username, password, remote_ip_address))
            response.data = {"remote_hostname": self.parent.hostname, "username": username}
            return response

        rm.add_request("remote_login", RequestType(func=_remote_login))

        rm.add_request(
            "remote_logout",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(
                    self.remote_logout(remote_session_id=request[0])
                )
            ),
        )
        return rm

    def show(self, markdown: bool = False, include_session_id: bool = False, include_historic: bool = False):
        """
        Displays a table of the user sessions on the Node.

        :param markdown: Whether to display the table in markdown format.
        :param include_session_id: Whether to include session IDs in the table.
        :param include_historic: Whether to include historic sessions in the table.
        """
        headers = ["Session ID", "Username", "Type", "Remote IP", "Start Step", "Step Last Active", "End Step"]

        if not include_session_id:
            headers = headers[1:]

        table = PrettyTable(headers)

        if markdown:
            table.set_style(MARKDOWN)
        table.align = "l"
        table.title = f"{self.parent.hostname} User Sessions"

        def _add_session_to_table(user_session: UserSession):
            """
            Adds a user session to the table for display.

            This helper function determines whether the session is local or remote and formats the session data
            accordingly. It then adds the session data to the table.

            :param user_session: The user session to add to the table.
            """
            session_type = "local"
            remote_ip = ""
            if isinstance(user_session, RemoteUserSession):
                session_type = "remote"
                remote_ip = str(user_session.remote_ip_address)
            data = [
                user_session.uuid,
                user_session.user.username,
                session_type,
                remote_ip,
                user_session.start_step,
                user_session.last_active_step,
                user_session.end_step if user_session.end_step else "",
            ]
            if not include_session_id:
                data = data[1:]
            table.add_row(data)

        if self.local_session is not None:
            _add_session_to_table(self.local_session)

        for user_session in self.remote_sessions.values():
            _add_session_to_table(user_session)

        if include_historic:
            for user_session in self.historic_sessions:
                _add_session_to_table(user_session)

        print(table.get_string(sortby="Step Last Active", reversesort=True))

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Describes the current state of the UserSessionManager.

        :return: A dictionary representing the current state.
        """
        state = super().describe_state()
        state["current_local_user"] = None if not self.local_session else self.local_session.user.username
        state["active_remote_sessions"] = list(self.remote_sessions.keys())
        return state

    @property
    def _user_manager(self) -> UserManager:
        """
        Returns the UserManager instance.

        :return: The UserManager instance.
        """
        return self.software_manager.software["UserManager"]  # noqa

    def pre_timestep(self, timestep: int) -> None:
        """Apply any pre-timestep logic that helps make sure we have the correct observations."""
        self.current_timestep = timestep
        inactive_sessions: list = []
        if self.local_session:
            if self.local_session.last_active_step + self.local_session_timeout_steps <= timestep:
                inactive_sessions.append(self.local_session)

        for session in self.remote_sessions:
            remote_session = self.remote_sessions[session]
            if remote_session.last_active_step + self.remote_session_timeout_steps <= timestep:
                inactive_sessions.append(remote_session)

        for sessions in inactive_sessions:
            self._timeout_session(sessions)

    def _timeout_session(self, session: UserSession) -> None:
        """
        Handles session timeout logic.

        :param session: The session to be timed out.
        """
        session.end_step = self.current_timestep
        session_identity = session.user.username
        if session.local:
            self.local_session = None
            session_type = "Local"
        else:
            self.remote_sessions.pop(session.uuid)
            session_type = "Remote"
            session_identity = f"{session_identity} {session.remote_ip_address}"
            self.parent.terminal._connections.pop(session.uuid)
            software_manager: SoftwareManager = self.software_manager
            software_manager.send_payload_to_session_manager(
                payload={"type": "user_timeout", "connection_id": session.uuid},
                dest_port=Port.SSH,
                dest_ip_address=session.remote_ip_address,
            )

        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: {session_type} {session_identity} session timeout due to inactivity")

    @property
    def remote_session_limit_reached(self) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if the maximum number of remote sessions has been reached.

        :return: True if the limit is reached, otherwise False.
        """
        return len(self.remote_sessions) >= self.max_remote_sessions

    def validate_remote_session_uuid(self, remote_session_id: str) -> bool:
        """
        Validates if a given remote session ID exists.

        :param remote_session_id: The remote session ID to validate.
        :return: True if the session ID exists, otherwise False.
        """
        return remote_session_id in self.remote_sessions

    def _login(
        self, username: str, password: str, local: bool = True, remote_ip_address: Optional[IPv4Address] = None
    ) -> Optional[str]:
        """
        Logs a user in either locally or remotely.

        :param username: The username of the account.
        :param password: The password of the account.
        :param local: Whether the login is local or remote.
        :param remote_ip_address: The remote IP address for remote login.
        :return: The session ID if login is successful, otherwise None.
        """
        if not self._can_perform_action():
            return None

        user = self._user_manager.authenticate_user(username=username, password=password)

        if not user:
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: Incorrect username or password")
            return None

        session_id = None
        if local:
            create_new_session = True
            if self.local_session:
                if self.local_session.user != user:
                    # logout the current user
                    self.local_logout()
                else:
                    # not required as existing logged-in user attempting to re-login
                    create_new_session = False

            if create_new_session:
                self.local_session = UserSession.create(user=user, timestep=self.current_timestep)

            session_id = self.local_session.uuid
        else:
            if not self.remote_session_limit_reached:
                remote_session = RemoteUserSession.create(
                    user=user, timestep=self.current_timestep, remote_ip_address=remote_ip_address
                )
                session_id = remote_session.uuid
                self.remote_sessions[session_id] = remote_session
        self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: User {user.username} logged in")
        return session_id

    def local_login(self, username: str, password: str) -> Optional[str]:
        """
        Logs a user in locally.

        :param username: The username of the account.
        :param password: The password of the account.
        :return: The session ID if login is successful, otherwise None.
        """
        return self._login(username=username, password=password, local=True)

    @validate_call()
    def remote_login(self, username: str, password: str, remote_ip_address: IPV4Address) -> Optional[str]:
        """
        Logs a user in remotely.

        :param username: The username of the account.
        :param password: The password of the account.
        :param remote_ip_address: The remote IP address for the remote login.
        :return: The session ID if login is successful, otherwise None.
        """
        return self._login(username=username, password=password, local=False, remote_ip_address=remote_ip_address)

    def _logout(self, local: bool = True, remote_session_id: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
        """
        Logs a user out either locally or remotely.

        :param local: Whether the logout is local or remote.
        :param remote_session_id: The remote session ID for remote logout.
        :return: True if logout successful, otherwise False.
        """
        if not self._can_perform_action():
            return False
        session = None
        if local and self.local_session:
            session = self.local_session
            session.end_step = self.current_timestep
            self.local_session = None

        if not local and remote_session_id:
            self.parent.terminal._disconnect(remote_session_id)
            session = self.remote_sessions.pop(remote_session_id)
        if session:
            self.historic_sessions.append(session)
            self.sys_log.info(f"{self.name}: User {session.user.username} logged out")
            return True
        return False

    def local_logout(self) -> bool:
        """
        Logs out the current local user.

        :return: True if logout successful, otherwise False.
        """
        return self._logout(local=True)

    def remote_logout(self, remote_session_id: str) -> bool:
        """
        Logs out a remote user by session ID.

        :param remote_session_id: The remote session ID.
        :return: True if logout successful, otherwise False.
        """
        return self._logout(local=False, remote_session_id=remote_session_id)

    def _logout_user(self, user: Union[str, User]) -> bool:
        """End a user session by username or user object."""
        if isinstance(user, str):
            user = self._user_manager.users[user]  # grab user object from username
        for sess_id, session in self.remote_sessions.items():
            if session.user is user:
                self._logout(local=False, remote_session_id=sess_id)
                return True
        if self.local_user_logged_in and self.local_session.user is user:
            self.local_logout()
            return True
        return False

    @property
    def local_user_logged_in(self) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if a local user is currently logged in.

        :return: True if a local user is logged in, otherwise False.
        """
        return self.local_session is not None


class Node(SimComponent):
    """
    A basic Node class that represents a node on the network.

    This class manages the state of the node, including the NICs (Network Interface Cards), accounts, applications,
    services, processes, file system, and various managers like ARP, ICMP, SessionManager, and SoftwareManager.

    :param hostname: The node hostname on the network.
    :param operating_state: The node operating state, either ON or OFF.
    """

    hostname: str
    "The node hostname on the network."
    default_gateway: Optional[IPV4Address] = None
    "The default gateway IP address for forwarding network traffic to other networks."
    operating_state: NodeOperatingState = NodeOperatingState.OFF
    "The hardware state of the node."
    network_interfaces: Dict[str, NetworkInterface] = {}
    "The Network Interfaces on the node."
    network_interface: Dict[int, NetworkInterface] = {}
    "The Network Interfaces on the node by port id."
    dns_server: Optional[IPv4Address] = None
    "List of IP addresses of DNS servers used for name resolution."

    accounts: Dict[str, Account] = {}
    "All accounts on the node."
    applications: Dict[str, Application] = {}
    "All applications on the node."
    services: Dict[str, Service] = {}
    "All services on the node."
    processes: Dict[str, Process] = {}
    "All processes on the node."
    file_system: FileSystem
    "The nodes file system."
    root: Path
    "Root directory for simulation output."
    sys_log: SysLog
    session_manager: SessionManager
    software_manager: SoftwareManager

    revealed_to_red: bool = False
    "Informs whether the node has been revealed to a red agent."

    start_up_duration: int = 3
    "Time steps needed for the node to start up."

    start_up_countdown: int = 0
    "Time steps needed until node is booted up."

    shut_down_duration: int = 3
    "Time steps needed for the node to shut down."

    shut_down_countdown: int = 0
    "Time steps needed until node is shut down."

    is_resetting: bool = False
    "If true, the node will try turning itself off then back on again."

    node_scan_duration: int = 10
    "How many timesteps until the whole node is scanned. Default 10 time steps."

    node_scan_countdown: int = 0
    "Time steps until scan is complete"

    red_scan_countdown: int = 0
    "Time steps until reveal to red scan is complete."

    SYSTEM_SOFTWARE: ClassVar[Dict[str, Type[Software]]] = {}
    "Base system software that must be preinstalled."

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Initialize the Node with various components and managers.

        This method initialises the ARP cache, ICMP handler, session manager, and software manager if they are not
        provided.
        """
        if not kwargs.get("sys_log"):
            kwargs["sys_log"] = SysLog(kwargs["hostname"])
        if not kwargs.get("session_manager"):
            kwargs["session_manager"] = SessionManager(sys_log=kwargs.get("sys_log"))
        if not kwargs.get("root"):
            kwargs["root"] = SIM_OUTPUT.path / kwargs["hostname"]
        if not kwargs.get("file_system"):
            kwargs["file_system"] = FileSystem(sys_log=kwargs["sys_log"], sim_root=kwargs["root"] / "fs")
        if not kwargs.get("software_manager"):
            kwargs["software_manager"] = SoftwareManager(
                parent_node=self,
                sys_log=kwargs.get("sys_log"),
                session_manager=kwargs.get("session_manager"),
                file_system=kwargs.get("file_system"),
                dns_server=kwargs.get("dns_server"),
            )
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._install_system_software()
        self.session_manager.node = self
        self.session_manager.software_manager = self.software_manager

    @property
    def user_manager(self) -> Optional[UserManager]:
        """The Nodes User Manager."""
        return self.software_manager.software.get("UserManager")  # noqa

    @property
    def user_session_manager(self) -> Optional[UserSessionManager]:
        """The Nodes User Session Manager."""
        return self.software_manager.software.get("UserSessionManager")  # noqa

    @property
    def terminal(self) -> Optional[Terminal]:
        """The Nodes Terminal."""
        return self.software_manager.software.get("Terminal")

    def local_login(self, username: str, password: str) -> Optional[str]:
        """
        Attempt to log in to the node uas a local user.

        This method attempts to authenticate a local user with the given username and password. If successful, it
        returns a session token. If authentication fails, it returns None.

        :param username: The username of the account attempting to log in.
        :param password: The password of the account attempting to log in.
        :return: A session token if the login is successful, otherwise None.
        """
        return self.user_session_manager.local_login(username, password)

    def local_logout(self) -> None:
        """
        Log out the current local user from the node.

        This method ends the current local user's session and invalidates the session token.
        """
        return self.user_session_manager.local_logout()

    def ip_is_network_interface(self, ip_address: IPv4Address, enabled_only: bool = False) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if a given IP address belongs to any of the nodes interfaces.

        :param ip_address: The IP address to check.
        :param enabled_only: If True, only considers enabled network interfaces.
        :return: True if the IP address is assigned to one of the nodes interfaces; False otherwise.
        """
        for network_interface in self.network_interface.values():
            if not hasattr(network_interface, "ip_address"):
                continue
            if network_interface.ip_address == ip_address:
                if enabled_only:
                    return network_interface.enabled
                else:
                    return True
        return False

    def setup_for_episode(self, episode: int):
        """Reset the original state of the SimComponent."""
        super().setup_for_episode(episode=episode)

        # Reset File System
        self.file_system.setup_for_episode(episode=episode)

        # Reset all Nics
        for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
            network_interface.setup_for_episode(episode=episode)

        for software in self.software_manager.software.values():
            software.setup_for_episode(episode=episode)

        if episode and self.sys_log:
            self.sys_log.current_episode = episode
            self.sys_log.setup_logger()

    class _NodeIsOnValidator(RequestPermissionValidator):
        """
        When requests come in, this validator will only let them through if the node is on.

        This is useful because no actions should be being resolved if the node is off.
        """

        node: Node
        """Save a reference to the node instance."""

        def __call__(self, request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> bool:
            """Return whether the node is on or off."""
            return self.node.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.ON

        @property
        def fail_message(self) -> str:
            """Message that is reported when a request is rejected by this validator."""
            return f"Cannot perform request on node '{self.node.hostname}' because it is not powered on."

    class _NodeIsOffValidator(RequestPermissionValidator):
        """
        When requests come in, this validator will only let them through if the node is off.

        This is useful because some actions require the node to be in an off state.
        """

        node: Node
        """Save a reference to the node instance."""

        def __call__(self, request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> bool:
            """Return whether the node is on or off."""
            return self.node.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.OFF

        @property
        def fail_message(self) -> str:
            """Message that is reported when a request is rejected by this validator."""
            return f"Cannot perform request on node '{self.node.hostname}' because it is not turned off."

    def _init_request_manager(self) -> RequestManager:
        """
        Initialise the request manager.

        More information in user guide and docstring for SimComponent._init_request_manager.
        """

        def _install_application(request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> RequestResponse:
            """
            Allows agents to install applications to the node.

            :param request: list containing the application name as the only element
            :type request: RequestFormat
            :param context: additional context for resolving this action, currently unused
            :type context: dict
            :return: Request response with a success code if the application was installed.
            :rtype: RequestResponse
            """
            application_name = request[0]
            if self.software_manager.software.get(application_name):
                self.sys_log.warning(f"Can't install {application_name}. It's already installed.")
                return RequestResponse(status="success", data={"reason": "already installed"})
            application_class = Application._application_registry[application_name]
            self.software_manager.install(application_class)
            application_instance = self.software_manager.software.get(application_name)
            self.applications[application_instance.uuid] = application_instance
            _LOGGER.debug(f"Added application {application_instance.name} to node {self.hostname}")
            self._application_request_manager.add_request(
                application_name, RequestType(func=application_instance._request_manager)
            )
            application_instance.install()
            if application_name in self.software_manager.software:
                return RequestResponse.from_bool(True)
            else:
                return RequestResponse.from_bool(False)

        def _uninstall_application(request: RequestFormat, context: Dict) -> RequestResponse:
            """
            Uninstall and completely remove application from this node.

            This method is useful for allowing agents to take this action.

            :param request: list containing the application name as the only element
            :type request: RequestFormat
            :param context: additional context for resolving this action, currently unused
            :type context: dict
            :return: Request response with a success code if the application was uninstalled.
            :rtype: RequestResponse
            """
            application_name = request[0]
            if application_name not in self.software_manager.software:
                self.sys_log.warning(f"Can't uninstall {application_name}. It's not installed.")
                return RequestResponse.from_bool(False)

            application_instance = self.software_manager.software.get(application_name)
            self.software_manager.uninstall(application_instance.name)
            if application_instance.name not in self.software_manager.software:
                return RequestResponse.from_bool(True)
            else:
                return RequestResponse.from_bool(False)

        _node_is_on = Node._NodeIsOnValidator(node=self)
        _node_is_off = Node._NodeIsOffValidator(node=self)

        rm = super()._init_request_manager()
        # since there are potentially many services, create an request manager that can map service name
        self._service_request_manager = RequestManager()
        rm.add_request("service", RequestType(func=self._service_request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))
        self._nic_request_manager = RequestManager()
        rm.add_request("network_interface", RequestType(func=self._nic_request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))

        rm.add_request("file_system", RequestType(func=self.file_system._request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))

        # currently we don't have any applications nor processes, so these will be empty
        self._process_request_manager = RequestManager()
        rm.add_request("process", RequestType(func=self._process_request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))
        self._application_request_manager = RequestManager()
        rm.add_request("application", RequestType(func=self._application_request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))

        rm.add_request(
            "scan",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.reveal_to_red()), validator=_node_is_on
            ),
        )

        rm.add_request(
            "shutdown",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.power_off()), validator=_node_is_on
            ),
        )
        rm.add_request(
            "startup",
            RequestType(
                func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.power_on()), validator=_node_is_off
            ),
        )
        rm.add_request(
            "reset",
            RequestType(func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.reset()), validator=_node_is_on),
        )  # TODO implement node reset
        rm.add_request(
            "logon", RequestType(func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(False), validator=_node_is_on)
        )  # TODO implement logon request
        rm.add_request(
            "logoff", RequestType(func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(False), validator=_node_is_on)
        )  # TODO implement logoff request

        self._os_request_manager = RequestManager()
        self._os_request_manager.add_request(
            "scan",
            RequestType(func=lambda request, context: RequestResponse.from_bool(self.scan()), validator=_node_is_on),
        )
        rm.add_request("os", RequestType(func=self._os_request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))

        self._software_request_manager = RequestManager()
        rm.add_request("software_manager", RequestType(func=self._software_request_manager, validator=_node_is_on))
        self._application_manager = RequestManager()
        self._software_request_manager.add_request(
            name="application", request_type=RequestType(func=self._application_manager)
        )

        self._application_manager.add_request(name="install", request_type=RequestType(func=_install_application))
        self._application_manager.add_request(name="uninstall", request_type=RequestType(func=_uninstall_application))

        return rm

    def describe_state(self) -> Dict:
        """
        Produce a dictionary describing the current state of this object.

        Please see :py:meth:`primaite.simulator.core.SimComponent.describe_state` for a more detailed explanation.

        :return: Current state of this object and child objects.
        :rtype: Dict
        """
        state = super().describe_state()
        state.update(
            {
                "hostname": self.hostname,
                "operating_state": self.operating_state.value,
                "NICs": {
                    eth_num: network_interface.describe_state()
                    for eth_num, network_interface in self.network_interface.items()
                },
                "file_system": self.file_system.describe_state(),
                "applications": {app.name: app.describe_state() for app in self.applications.values()},
                "services": {svc.name: svc.describe_state() for svc in self.services.values()},
                "process": {proc.name: proc.describe_state() for proc in self.processes.values()},
                "revealed_to_red": self.revealed_to_red,
            }
        )
        return state

    def show(self, markdown: bool = False):
        """Show function that calls both show NIC and show open ports."""
        self.show_nic(markdown)
        self.show_open_ports(markdown)

    def show_open_ports(self, markdown: bool = False):
        """Prints a table of the open ports on the Node."""
        table = PrettyTable(["Port", "Name"])
        if markdown:
            table.set_style(MARKDOWN)
        table.align = "l"
        table.title = f"{self.hostname} Open Ports"
        for port in self.software_manager.get_open_ports():
            if port.value > 0:
                table.add_row([port.value, port.name])
        print(table.get_string(sortby="Port"))

    @property
    def has_enabled_network_interface(self) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if the node has at least one enabled network interface.

        Iterates through all network interfaces associated with the node to determine if at least one is enabled. This
        property is essential for determining the node's ability to communicate within the network.

        :return: True if there is at least one enabled network interface; otherwise, False.
        """
        for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
            if network_interface.enabled:
                return True
        return False

    def show_nic(self, markdown: bool = False):
        """Prints a table of the NICs on the Node."""
        table = PrettyTable(["Port", "Type", "MAC Address", "Address", "Speed", "Status", "NMNE"])
        if markdown:
            table.set_style(MARKDOWN)
        table.align = "l"
        table.title = f"{self.hostname} Network Interface Cards"
        for port, network_interface in self.network_interface.items():
            ip_address = ""
            if hasattr(network_interface, "ip_address"):
                ip_address = f"{network_interface.ip_address}/{network_interface.ip_network.prefixlen}"
            table.add_row(
                [
                    port,
                    network_interface.__class__.__name__,
                    network_interface.mac_address,
                    ip_address,
                    network_interface.speed,
                    "Enabled" if network_interface.enabled else "Disabled",
                    network_interface.nmne if network_interface.nmne_config.capture_nmne else "Disabled",
                ]
            )
        print(table)

    def apply_timestep(self, timestep: int):
        """
        Apply a single timestep of simulation dynamics to this node.

        In this instance, if any multi-timestep processes are currently occurring
        (such as starting up or shutting down), then they are brought one step closer to
        being finished.

        :param timestep: The current timestep number. (Amount of time since simulation episode began)
        :type timestep: int
        """
        super().apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

        for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
            network_interface.apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

        # count down to boot up
        if self.start_up_countdown > 0:
            self.start_up_countdown -= 1
        else:
            if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.BOOTING:
                self.operating_state = NodeOperatingState.ON
                self.sys_log.info(f"{self.hostname}: Turned on")
                for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
                    network_interface.enable()

                self._start_up_actions()

        # count down to shut down
        if self.shut_down_countdown > 0:
            self.shut_down_countdown -= 1
        else:
            if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.SHUTTING_DOWN:
                self.operating_state = NodeOperatingState.OFF
                self.sys_log.info(f"{self.hostname}: Turned off")
                self._shut_down_actions()

                # if resetting turn back on
                if self.is_resetting:
                    self.is_resetting = False
                    self.power_on()

        # time steps which require the node to be on
        if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.ON:
            # node scanning
            if self.node_scan_countdown > 0:
                self.node_scan_countdown -= 1

                if self.node_scan_countdown == 0:
                    # scan everything!
                    for process_id in self.processes:
                        self.processes[process_id].scan()

                    # scan services
                    for service_id in self.services:
                        self.services[service_id].scan()

                    # scan applications
                    for application_id in self.applications:
                        self.applications[application_id].scan()

                    # scan file system
                    self.file_system.scan(instant_scan=True)

            if self.red_scan_countdown > 0:
                self.red_scan_countdown -= 1

                if self.red_scan_countdown == 0:
                    # scan processes
                    for process_id in self.processes:
                        self.processes[process_id].reveal_to_red()

                    # scan services
                    for service_id in self.services:
                        self.services[service_id].reveal_to_red()

                    # scan applications
                    for application_id in self.applications:
                        self.applications[application_id].reveal_to_red()

                    # scan file system
                    self.file_system.reveal_to_red(instant_scan=True)

            for process_id in self.processes:
                self.processes[process_id].apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

            for service_id in self.services:
                self.services[service_id].apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

            for application_id in self.applications:
                self.applications[application_id].apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

            self.file_system.apply_timestep(timestep=timestep)

    def pre_timestep(self, timestep: int) -> None:
        """Apply pre-timestep logic."""
        super().pre_timestep(timestep)
        for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
            network_interface.pre_timestep(timestep=timestep)

        for process_id in self.processes:
            self.processes[process_id].pre_timestep(timestep=timestep)

        for service_id in self.services:
            self.services[service_id].pre_timestep(timestep=timestep)

        for application_id in self.applications:
            self.applications[application_id].pre_timestep(timestep=timestep)

        self.file_system.pre_timestep(timestep=timestep)

    def scan(self) -> bool:
        """
        Scan the node and all the items within it.

        Scans the:
            - Processes
            - Services
            - Applications
            - Folders
            - Files

        to the red agent.
        """
        self.node_scan_countdown = self.node_scan_duration
        return True

    def reveal_to_red(self) -> bool:
        """
        Reveals the node and all the items within it to the red agent.

        Set all the:
            - Processes
            - Services
            - Applications
            - Folders
            - Files

        `revealed_to_red` to `True`.
        """
        self.red_scan_countdown = self.node_scan_duration
        return True

    def power_on(self) -> bool:
        """Power on the Node, enabling its NICs if it is in the OFF state."""
        if self.start_up_duration <= 0:
            self.operating_state = NodeOperatingState.ON
            self._start_up_actions()
            self.sys_log.info("Power on")
            for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
                network_interface.enable()
            return True
        if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.OFF:
            self.operating_state = NodeOperatingState.BOOTING
            self.start_up_countdown = self.start_up_duration
            return True

        return False

    def power_off(self) -> bool:
        """Power off the Node, disabling its NICs if it is in the ON state."""
        if self.shut_down_duration <= 0:
            self._shut_down_actions()
            self.operating_state = NodeOperatingState.OFF
            self.sys_log.info("Power off")
            return True
        if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.ON:
            for network_interface in self.network_interfaces.values():
                network_interface.disable()
            self.operating_state = NodeOperatingState.SHUTTING_DOWN
            self.shut_down_countdown = self.shut_down_duration
            return True
        return False

    def reset(self) -> bool:
        """
        Resets the node.

        Powers off the node and sets is_resetting to True.
        Applying more timesteps will eventually turn the node back on.
        """
        if self.operating_state.ON:
            self.is_resetting = True
            self.sys_log.info("Resetting")
            self.power_off()
            return True
        return False

    def connect_nic(self, network_interface: NetworkInterface, port_name: Optional[str] = None):
        """
        Connect a Network Interface to the node.

        :param network_interface: The NIC to connect.
        :raise NetworkError: If the NIC is already connected.
        """
        if network_interface.uuid not in self.network_interface:
            self.network_interfaces[network_interface.uuid] = network_interface
            new_nic_num = len(self.network_interfaces)
            self.network_interface[new_nic_num] = network_interface
            network_interface._connected_node = self
            network_interface.port_num = new_nic_num
            if port_name:
                network_interface.port_name = port_name
            network_interface.parent = self
            self.sys_log.info(f"Connected Network Interface {network_interface}")
            if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.ON:
                network_interface.enable()
            self._nic_request_manager.add_request(new_nic_num, RequestType(func=network_interface._request_manager))
        else:
            msg = f"Cannot connect NIC {network_interface} as it is already connected"
            self.sys_log.logger.warning(msg)
            raise NetworkError(msg)

    def disconnect_nic(self, network_interface: Union[NetworkInterface, str]):
        """
        Disconnect a NIC (Network Interface Card) from the node.

        :param network_interface: The NIC to Disconnect, or its UUID.
        :raise NetworkError: If the NIC is not connected.
        """
        if isinstance(network_interface, str):
            network_interface = self.network_interfaces.get(network_interface)
        if network_interface or network_interface.uuid in self.network_interfaces:
            network_interface_num = -1
            for port, _network_interface in self.network_interface.items():
                if network_interface == _network_interface:
                    self.network_interface.pop(port)
                    network_interface_num = port
                    break
            self.network_interfaces.pop(network_interface.uuid)
            network_interface.parent = None
            network_interface.disable()
            self.sys_log.info(f"Disconnected Network Interface {network_interface}")
            if network_interface_num != -1:
                self._nic_request_manager.remove_request(network_interface_num)
        else:
            msg = f"Cannot disconnect Network Interface {network_interface} as it is not connected"
            self.sys_log.logger.warning(msg)
            raise NetworkError(msg)

    def ping(self, target_ip_address: Union[IPv4Address, str], pings: int = 4) -> bool:
        """
        Ping an IP address, performing a standard ICMP echo request/response.

        :param target_ip_address: The target IP address to ping.
        :param pings: The number of pings to attempt, default is 4.
        :return: True if the ping is successful, otherwise False.
        """
        if not isinstance(target_ip_address, IPv4Address):
            target_ip_address = IPv4Address(target_ip_address)
        if self.software_manager.icmp:
            return self.software_manager.icmp.ping(target_ip_address, pings)
        return False

    @abstractmethod
    def receive_frame(self, frame: Frame, from_network_interface: NetworkInterface):
        """
        Receive a Frame from the connected NIC and process it.

        This is an abstract implementation of receive_frame with some very basic functionality (ARP population). All
        Node subclasses should have their own implementation of receive_frame that first calls super().receive_frame(
        ) before implementing its own internal receive_frame logic.

        :param frame: The Frame being received.
        :param from_network_interface: The Network Interface that received the frame.
        """
        if self.operating_state == NodeOperatingState.ON:
            if frame.ip:
                if self.software_manager.arp:
                    self.software_manager.arp.add_arp_cache_entry(
                        ip_address=frame.ip.src_ip_address,
                        mac_address=frame.ethernet.src_mac_addr,
                        network_interface=from_network_interface,
                    )
        else:
            return

    def _shut_down_actions(self):
        """Actions to perform when the node is shut down."""
        # Turn off all the services in the node
        for service_id in self.services:
            self.services[service_id].stop()

        # Turn off all the applications in the node
        for app_id in self.applications:
            self.applications[app_id].close()

        # Turn off all processes in the node
        # for process_id in self.processes:
        #     self.processes[process_id]

    def _start_up_actions(self):
        """Actions to perform when the node is starting up."""
        # Turn on all the services in the node
        for service_id in self.services:
            self.services[service_id].start()

        # Turn on all the applications in the node
        for app_id in self.applications:
            self.applications[app_id].run()

        # Turn off all processes in the node
        # for process_id in self.processes:
        #     self.processes[process_id]

    def _install_system_software(self) -> None:
        """Preinstall required software."""
        for _, software_class in self.SYSTEM_SOFTWARE.items():
            self.software_manager.install(software_class)

    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
        if isinstance(item, Service):
            return item.uuid in self.services
        elif isinstance(item, Application):
            return item.uuid in self.applications
        return None
